CCIKM

Ecosystem, Wetland and Biodiversity

Due to climate change, for example, mangrove forest areas will be vulnerable to increasing sea levels and salinity. Major tree species, such as sundari and gewa, are both susceptible to increasing salinity. In the Sundarbans, the tiger population and suitable habitats are at significant risk (Mukul et al., 2019).

Similar threats to other ecosystems and biodiversity are imminent due to climate change. These ecosystems support a diverse range of resident and migratory waterfowl and endangered and commercially important species of national and international significance (Nishat, 1993; Islam and Gnauck, 2009). Furthermore, it supports a diverse range of flora and fauna. It contributes significantly to the financial well-being of millions of people in rural Bangladesh by providing jobs, food and nutrition, fuel, fodder, transportation and irrigation

The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) has idenified the key cahllanges for Ecosystem, Biodiversity and Wetlands:

Mangrove forest areas will be vulnerable to increasing sea levels and salinity
Major tree species, such as sundari and gewa, are both susceptible to increasing salinity
In the Sundarbans, the tiger population and suitable habitats are at significant risk

Potential Impact and Adaptation Option

For Agriculture Sector

Potential Impact & Risk
Adaptation Intervention
Adaptation Measures

Climate Signal and Hazards	Potential Impacts	Risk Level
Climate Signal and Hazards	Potential Impacts	SSP1-2.6	SSP5-8.5
Excessive Rainfall	Soil Erosion Loss of habitat area	+	++
Extreme Heat	Loss of native flora and fauna Disappearance of biodiversity Loss of permanent wetlands and beels Less favorable habitat conditions Changes in the growth, composition and density of specific flora and fauna like sundari, gewa, goran, etc. Loss of water from the canopy and less soil moisture in the CHT	++	+++
Cold spell	Dryland increase	+	++
Frequent River Flood	Habitat conditions disrupted The quality of water deteriorates due to mixing with agrochemicals	++	+++
Early or Frequent Flash Floods	The quality of water deteriorates due to mixing with agrochemicals Habitat condition disrupted	++	+++
Severe Drought/Water Scarcity	Loss of aquatic habitats Desertification of hills and forests due to less soil moisture Less soil moisture and groundwater recharge	+	++
Frequent Lightening	Shocks for flora and fauna Death of animals Breeding patterns change	+	++
Frequent Landslide	Soil erosion Hill landscape degradation Loss of vegetation coverage and hill forests	++	+++
Salinity Increase	Tiger habitat shifting towards localities for fresh water with increased risk of human death Changes in mangrove species diversity and composition Land degradation Changes in biodiversity habitat	++	+++
Frequent Cyclone and Storm Surge	Ecosystem degradation Biodiversity extinction Forest damages Habitat damages	++	+++
Sea Level Rise	Degraded freshwater ecosystems and dependent biodiversity Loss of habitable lands	++	+++

*Risk level: low (+), medium (++) and high (+++).

Code	Interventions	Domain	NAP Strategy	Priority	Cost (Billion BDT)	Private Sector Investment Potential
CSA1	Extension of climate smart technologies for increasing irrigation water use efficiency	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI \| URB	S1.1, S1.2, S1.3, S2.1, S2.2, S2.3	High	313	10%
CSA2	Augmentation of surface water for multipurpose use and irrigation	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI \| URB	S2.1, S2.2, S2.4, S1.1, S1.2, S1.3, S4.1, S4.2	High	313	10%
CSA3	Extension of stress, pest and diseases tolerant rice and non-rice cropst	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI	S2.1, S2.4, S1.3, S4.1, S4.2	High	846	5%
CSA4	Introduction and up-scaling of innovative and indigenous agriculture	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI \| URB	S2.1, S2.4, S1.3, S4.1, S4.2	High	20	5%
CSA5	Crop diversification/intensification for natural resources optimization and reducing stresses of existing and potential climate stress based on climate sensitive crop zoning	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI \| URB	S2.1, S2.4, S1.3, S4.1, S4.	Moderate	15	20%
CSA6	Farm modernization/ mechanization to reduce climate vulnerability	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI	S2.1, S2.3, S2.4, S1.3	Moderate	15	5%
CSA7	Increase fertilizer use efficiency for enhancing the production (fertilizer deep placement, organic amendment, green manuring, leaf color charts, soil test-based fertilizer application)	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI	S2.1, S1.3, S4.1, S4.2	High	106	40%
CSA8	Extension of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP), Modern Agriculture Technology (MATH) and Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT)	SWM \| SEE \| CHT \| FPE \| HFF \| DBA CBL \| NNW \| CHI	S2.1, S2.4, S1.3, S4.1, S4.2, S4.3	High	103	10%
CSA9	Strengthening and development of impact based Early Warning System and Data Management for Agriculture	Nationwide	S2.1, S2.2, S2.3, S1.3	High	25	5%
CSA10	Improvement of storage or post-harvest facilities, transport, communication and e-commerce based market facilities for agricultural product	Nationwide	S2.1, S2.4, S1.3, S4.1, S4.2	High	145	20%
CSA11	Development of agro-food processing industries based on climate-sensitive crop zoning	Nationwide	S2.3, S1.3	High	52	40%
CSA12	Development of e-commerce and engagement of gender and youth for e-commerce based entrepreneurship	Nationwide	S2.1, S2.3, S1.3, S4.2	Moderate	11	20%

WDM1: Management and timely maintenance of inside and outside of coastal polders, sea dykes, embankments and cyclone shelters in an integrated and gender sensitive way considering the sea level rise and extreme storm surge height
Repair, construct and rehabilitate coastal polders, sea dykes, embankments, and cyclone shelters considering the sea level rise and extreme storm surge height under varying climate change scenarios Regular and timely O&M of coastal polders/ flood embankments Inside polder management through innovative WRM such as Tidal River Management (TRM) Development of storm surge model and impact-based operational early warning and community-based dissemination system for cyclonic storm surge and facilitating emergency response Regular and periodic M&E system development for polder/embankment management Financial protection of critical coastal infrastructures through risk transfer or insurance mechanism Gender-responsive and youth volunteered effective evacuation mechanism during disaster following updated Standing Order on Disaster (2019) Climate-resilient (flood, storm surge, wind tolerant) housing development for coastal poor and vulnerable communities Introduce ‘ limate Resilience llo ance or Fund’ or people in t e most vulnerable areas Integrated climate and disaster risk reduction project Awareness raising and behavioral change program for accessing cyclone or disaster shelters Dighi, pond, reservoir, construction in coastal areas and drought-prone areas

WDM1: Management and timely maintenance of inside and outside of coastal polders, sea dykes, embankments and cyclone shelters in an integrated and gender sensitive way considering the sea level rise and extreme storm surge height

Repair, construct and rehabilitate coastal polders, sea dykes, embankments, and cyclone shelters considering the sea level rise and extreme storm surge height under varying climate change scenarios
Regular and timely O&M of coastal polders/ flood embankments
Inside polder management through innovative WRM such as Tidal River Management (TRM)
Development of storm surge model and impact-based operational early warning and community-based dissemination system for cyclonic storm surge and facilitating emergency response
Regular and periodic M&E system development for polder/embankment management
Financial protection of critical coastal infrastructures through risk transfer or insurance mechanism
Gender-responsive and youth volunteered effective evacuation mechanism during disaster following updated Standing Order on Disaster (2019)
Climate-resilient (flood, storm surge, wind tolerant) housing development for coastal poor and vulnerable communities
Introduce ‘ limate Resilience llo ance or Fund’ or people in t e most vulnerable areas
Integrated climate and disaster risk reduction project
Awareness raising and behavioral change program for accessing cyclone or disaster shelters
Dighi, pond, reservoir, construction in coastal areas and drought-prone areas

Ecosystem, Wetland and Biodiversity

Potential Impact and Adaptation Option

*Risk level: low (+), medium (++) and high (+++).

Other NAP Sectors

Crop

Fisheries

Livestock

Climate Change & impacts

NAP

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